Urban Planning in Developing Countries

Urban Planning in Developing States Introduction In recent old ages, there has been an increasing involvement in 3rd universe urban planning. Over past three decennaries at that place has been a big migration of China`s population from rural to urban parts. As Grubler says: â€Å"Fast urbanisation and consequent land usage alteration had altered ecosystems, destroyed wildlife home grounds, changed regional climes and released big sums of C into the atmosphere† ( Grubler, 1998 ) . At the same clip, the metropoliss are developing really fast but ignored the quality of planning. As a effect, the citizens` life quality has dropped quickly. There is grounds, nevertheless, that citizens who live in a well-planned metropolis happen it easy to hold a high felicity degree. For illustration, Barcelona`s metropolis program remains one of the best theoretical accounts in the universe even Spain may be confronting important economic and political challenges these old ages. Compared with other metropoliss in the development states, Barcelona has paid more attending on the metropolis users` perceptual experience and experience, the metropolis contrivers ever put the users` feeling foremost and so comes the regulations, that is why Barcelona`s citizens can easy bask their life at that place. On the other manus, citizens of the developing countries` metropoliss will be harder to advance happiness index. A inquiry originating from these considerations concerns the best manner to plan metropoliss or re-plan metropoliss of developing states. The undertaking will analyze the urban design in developing states. It will look at how to do the most suited determination for every 3rd universe states ‘ planning. It will explicate why we should pay more attending to this country. First, the undertaking will do a comparing between the urban design in developed states and that in developing states. Second, the undertaking will speak about how to do a good program in developing states. Third, the undertaking will analysis the feasibleness of doing a good program in developing states. Section 1 Urban planning in the universeUrban planning in developed statesPlaning used to be a physical infinite theory, but for now, the developed countries` planning is a theory of public policy and public direction. As the basic urban building is completed, what they should make now is merely to maintain upgrading each country of a metropolis and increase public engagement. As Potter says: â€Å"By now, many states in both the developed and developing universe parts espouse the demand for greater public engagement in planning, although in pattern, many may merely pay it lip service.† ( Potter, 2012, p.149 ) In developed states, the contrivers play an of import function in the society. The contrivers ever spend batch of clip to understand the metropoliss and forecast the development of the metropoliss. City is like a system and the system is a complicated entireness, which contains a batch of objects and subdivisions. The contrivers in developed states will make their best to unite them and do them related to each other. On the other manus, the contrivers are ever glad to listen to the citizens and roll up their sentiments ; they will unite assortment of particular demands and programs to go a comprehensive rational pick. For these grounds, the citizens in developed states are much easier to obtain felicity.Urban planning in developing statesThe planning procedure in alleged developing states, like China, is radically different from western states. In recent old ages, big Numberss of instructors came back from abroad conveying back the thoughts of aliens, so base on balls on to their pup ils. However, the urbanisation procedure in China is rather different with foreign states and we do non hold a ain theory which is suited for this state of affairs, the manner we are be aftering is copying western theoretical accounts, that is why we have so much jobs in today`s metropoliss. Developing states ever have economically backward, the easiest manner to turn economic system is to increase the population. With the growing of population, many jobs will be much harder to work out than earlier, such as the relationships between persons, lodging, transit and environment. The contrivers in most of the developing states ever put net incomes in the first topographic point and disregard the metropolis user`s experience, they will believe small about the city`s hereafter. Developing states besides used to pursuit the develop velocity and disregard the quality of a metropolis. Any city`s development is a long historical procedure, there must hold a big figure of civilization relics in this procedure. But as this phase of urban planning in China, most of the historical and cultural sights were badly damaged by our alleged development. When speaking about the environment in China, it is besides a immense job. A good environment is a critical status of metropolis developing. With the unsuitable method of program a metropolis, the air quality, H2O quality and other environmental quality decreased aggressively in these few decennaries. Compared with the urban planning in developed states, there is a deficiency of future chances in developing states ‘ urban planning. Section 2 How to do a suited program in developing states 2.1 What should authorities and contrivers do? The authorities should pay more attending on metropolis planning than earlier. They used to pay excessively much attending on the economic system increasing and about ignored the metropolis planning, so they should alter their head to maintain the balance between them. The authorities should beef up the earnestness of urban be aftering which including strengthen jurisprudence enforcement, promote the enforcement procedure, better enforcement steps and other related steps. During the planning procedure, the contrivers should set citizens to the first topographic point but non net incomes. Environmental quality is really of import in presents, the contrivers should non disregard it because urban planning is a theory of functioning the persons, and they should develop the metropolis without harm the environment of citizens. Urban be aftering should reflect the net incomes of the populace such as the country of transit, amusement, medical attention, instruction and so on, contrivers must do certain people-oriented. As Silva says: â€Å"Urban contrivers face major challenges in the aggregation of informations towards analyzing the invariably altering societal, economic and environmental conditions in cities.† ( Silva, 2010, p.388 ) 2.2 What should citizens make? Urban planning is non an matter of authorities and contrivers, the populace should besides take participate in it. The citizens of a metropolis should better their quality and have an international position to convey aid to urban development. In developed states, the correct theory said that urban planning is a collaborative procedure. When necessary, public should give nonsubjective advices and helpful suggestions to assist the contrivers, guarantee the procedure is come oning. On the other manus, everyone should make their best to protect the environment and cut down the waste of resources in the procedure of urban development, in order to cut down the force per unit area of authorities and contrivers. The connexion between cities` users and contrivers should be a co-operation relationship. Section 3 The feasibleness of urban planning in developing states. 3.1 A instance analysis of Shanghai This paragraph presents a instance analysis of Shanghai, China ‘s largest and most of import industrial centre. Rapid industrial and economic development in China over the past three decennaries has resulted in a big migration from rural countries to metropoliss, the population of Shanghai was more than twofold and building country increased quickly every bit same as the figure of vehicles. For this ground, it is a truly tough work to re-plan a metropolis like Shanghai. Since we can non cut down the figure of population, the lone manner to re-plan the metropolis is to accommodate the current state of affairs and happen out the suited solutions. During the past decennaries, Shanghai had spent a immense figure of money on the urban substructure investing ( see Appendix 1 ) . Even the authorities used this portion of fillip to upgrade a batch of countries of substructure investing, but it is still difficult to equilibrate the relationships between persons, lodging, transit and env ironment. 3.2 Problems and troubles The migration and urbanisation is still keep increasing in the metropoliss like Shanghai and we can non calculate the hereafter. If we can construct little and moderate-sized metropoliss, which have perfect map, surround the large metropoliss, they may pull people to travel in from the large metropoliss. This method will alter the migration and urbanization tendency, it besides can better the growing and development of both large metropoliss and other metropoliss. As Pacione says: National industrial-development policy, including the determination to construct little and moderate-sized metropoliss for investing allotment intents, has straight affected the growing and development of Shanghai†¦ They conclude that the Chinese achievement in large-scale urban transmutation and their success in incorporating the spacial growing of big industrial centres is a singular accomplishment in urban and regional planning, which should be studied closely by contrivers in both the developed and the underdeveloped states. ( Pacione, 1981, p.26 ) On the other manus, this method may be useless to China because of the population. There has more chances in large metropoliss such as Shanghai, it is truly a tough work to alter people`s head to migrate to smaller metropoliss. With a immense figure of population and deficiency of public engagement in big metropoliss, the work of program and re-plan tend to be harder. Compared with developed states, there will be much less jobs in urban design or metropolis re-planning. Decision Taking the suggested solutions could work out the jobs in developing states but it will take a long clip for developing states to maintain gait with the developed states. The developing states should larn the manner of developed states, but still necessitate to happen out a much more suited manner to be after the metropoliss or re-plan them. A good metropolis planning contains a batch of elements and it is non merely a procedure to incorporate assorted of resources, it should convey urban occupants a more comfy and harmonious life environment. Although many of the developing countries` metropoliss are upgrading, but in most of their program there still exist unscientific, irrational and follow blindly. The cities` contrivers made their determination to do the metropoliss become a new Manhattan or a new Hong Kong irrespective of the specific fortunes, the figure of these metropoliss now is at least 40 harmonizing to relevant statistics. We can non merely concentrate on economic development and bury the significance of urban be aftering itself. Developing states has a batch of jobs in the urban planning procedure, it is due to miss of research establishments for urban planning. At this point, the developed states ever have their ain urban be aftering research establishments, which will happen the most suited solutions to upgrade the metropoliss. The developing states should construct research centres like the developed states and understand the metropoliss so that the contrivers can do the right determinations. Mentions Grubler, A. ( 1998 )Technology and Global Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Potter, R. ( 2012 )Urbanization and Planning in the Third World.Routledge Ltd. Silva, C. ( 2010 )Handbook of Research on E-planning. Information Science Reference ( Isr ) Pacione, M. ( ed. ) ( 1981 )Problems and be aftering in Third World metropoliss. Great Britain: Biddles Ltd. Shanghai Bureau of Statistic ( 2011 ) . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.stats-sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje11.htm? d1=2011tjnje/E1001.htmYearEntirePower CoevalsTransportation systemPost and TelecommunicationsPublic UtilitiesCivil Constructions2000449.964.6148.8368.69104.4163.342001510.7872.2260.72107.792.25177.892002583.4962.1463.01108.23148.42201.692003604.6266273.7776.5836.91151.362004672.5889.52316.9654.3926.92184.82005885.74124.22385.5858.3241.33276.2820061125.54116.23589.52113.7256.23249.8420071466.33163.3840.46101.5760.9300.1120081733.18129.53838.91108.59112.81543.3420092113.45253.39978.24122.66135.95623.2120101497.46148.5754.66111.5486.58396.18100 million kwai Appendix 1: Urban Infrastructure Investment of Shanghai ( 2000-2010 )

Autobiography Undral Batsukh

My name is Undral Batsukh. I was born in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Now I’m living with my husband and my two children in Darkhan City, Mongolia. . When I was seven-years-old. I enrolled in the secondary school No. 81 in 1988. I successfully completed my secondary school majoring in the social science with the grade â€Å"A† in 1998. After graduation, I entered The National Institute of Mongolia in 1998 under the selection for the students specializing on the Law. While I was studying in 4th grade, I did my first intership in â€Å"Tugs uchrahui† Co. ,ltd. I successfully graduated and awarded /Diploma with Distinction/ degree of Bachelor of Lawyer. My GPA was /3. 13/, thesis â€Å" Public administration law /90 A/, civil law /90 A/. After graduation I became a state agent. I worked in the †Police office of the Khan-uul district†. From 2005 I worked as Expert of local statistical information. At this time I applied up-to-date information technologies in our office activity. Since May 2009 I have been working as an officer in charge of internal affairs in the Governor’s Department of the Darkhan City. While I was working I always tried to improve my skills. In particular, I?passed the legal examination of the Ministry of Justice, then I got the official certification of the accepted Lawyer from this Ministry in 2005. In accordance to the Civil Service Law of the Mongolia I successfully passed the examination for the accepted state agent in 2006. In addition, now I’m the leader of Governor’s Department Labor Union, head of Women’s Federation of Darkhan city, the leader of the Sorority and member of the Mongolian Social Democrat Youth Organization. In last year 2009 Darkhan city Governor appreciated my achievement to promote Province’s social , economy and culture situation then awarded by the Certificate of merit. In 2009 authorities honored my efforts and awarded â€Å"Honorary Certificate† by Provincial Governor’s Office. I have been working 8 years in State Administrative system and 7 years of them worked in Government organization. If someone asks me to describe myself in the three words I’ll answer that â€Å"I am independent, hardworking and cheerful. Because I have a dream. Dream to do some development for my City. Development to promote life of our local citizens. I always try to improve myself. I have experience on many projects and I was doing statistical stuffs there. So that the things we learn on research methodology course is very close to me except it is in English. I will do my best to graduate from here successfully. I am interested in the projects involved to the prospering Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Mongolia. The reason of my interest is involved to the objective of developing SMEs to reduce poverty & unemployment, and to improve the well-being of society and human beings. So that I would like to choose a topic related to the development of SMEs in Mongolia. After successful graduation from Taiwan I want to come back to my country Darkhan city with qualified experience of management and to contribute for development of Mongolia as a part of integration of the world. Written by Undral Batsukh 01/04/2011 When I get back to my hometown Darkhan, I am going to work on the issues related to the development of Small and Medium Enterprises and also implement the projects involved to the poverty reduction.

A grotesque discovery

The shift seemed to drag on that night, my coffee had gone stale and there was nothing to amuse me apart from a meagre cluster of people who liked to congregate outside the doors, for light I assumed. Unnoticed to anyone but me the lady of the night cascaded her lean body down the grand staircase towards my direction. Dressed in a crumpled black garment and scuffed well worn shoes she fluttered her weary eyes and began to smile as she got closer. I tried to speak as little as possible to her as I didn't want to get a reputation speaking to scarlet women. Justifying her reasons for being in the hotel I nodded my head gave her a sympathetic look back. She mentioned that I should go and check the room that she had attended and then proudly began to make her way to the door, drained yet glad to be leaving the hotel doors. I decided to take the lady's advice and made my way up the never ending staircase to the fifth floor. Out of breath and now very thirsty I approached the door with its shinny handle apprehensive as to what was waiting for me. I twisted the door handle and commenced into the room. The first thing that hit me was the smell. Fragrances of men's aftershave and women's cheap perfume mixed with stale smoke and sweat. The room was obscure; the lighting was nothing but a tiny ray of light beaming through a small parting in the curtain. My hand slid up the wall to find the switch I turned it on but to my amazement there wasn't as much mess as what I had anticipated. The bed sheets where still warm and looked like they had been slept in or maybe something more. As my eyes made there way round the room I noticed the various cups and saucers, beer cans, half empty wine bottles, cigarette butts and discarded food on trays. These people had no regard for what state they kept the room in as long as they were having a good time. I looked down at my feet only to find numerous stains, food trodden into the carpet and ash scattered throughout. There were draws half open with abandoned socks crumpled up and left; the wardrobe door fully open but bare with only a scatter of coat hangers on the rail. My attention was distracted from the sate of the room by the persistent drip of water I herd coming from the bath room. On entry the bath room smelt clean and fresh with citrus smells in the air, the taps where still shining and had there bright silver ping. The floor was wet and wasn't getting any dryer, a simple toilet blockage was all that was wrong with the room, or at least I thought. I strolled back into the bedroom where the dirty smell hit me again and grabbed a discarded coat hanger and made my way back into the bathroom. I placed one of the crisp white towels down onto the floor so I could kneel and bent the coat hanger into a hook shape and placed the bin bag on my hand so I could unblock the toilet. At first nothing but the feeling of cold water and plastic against my bare skin, then I felt that I had burst something soft. To my amazement what looked like blood started to disperse from the bottom of the toilet, the smell of iron soon filled my nostrils; it was definitely blood. My heart raced and I started to sweat and panic what could it have been I asked my self. Nothing could have prepared me for what I pulled out of the toilet, A Human Heart! I lifted it up and took a good glance at it making sure that I wasn't seeing things. It didn't look as though it had been there for very long as it was still a peachy colour. A joke maybe, I was half expecting hear a laugh from behind me but none came. I stood up still with the thing in my hand, my stomach churned and my hands jerked. I took a nervous glance around bathroom, at this point the bathroom didn't look so clean, and I didn't feel it either. I paced to the main door passing through the various smells and ruffled bed sheets to take a look out of door into the hall way, it was clear so I ran. I panicked, what was I doing? A stocky black man holding a human heart in a plastic bag running with a guilty look; didn't look so good in my eyes. Thoughts where racing through my head, who's heart was this and why was it there. I felt as though my own heart was in my mouth, I could almost hear the thud echo in the elevator. Someone had been killed and there must be a body around some where. I walked through to the staff rooms to tell my manager of my discovery. Slickly dresses with a sharp suit and smile he greeted me and sat me down in the office. I began to tell him what I had found; I wiped the nervous sweat off my forehead and tried to relax so that he could understand what I was trying to say. It was strange but he had no reaction on his face and all that he could mutter to me was â€Å"what goes on in a hotel rooms, stays in a hotel room† like this was a regular occurrence. I stopped to think for a moment but demanded that legal action should be take, my mangers slick smile soon turn into a cold look, knowing full well I was an illegal immigrant he dialled 999 and passed the phone over to me, expecting me to say what I had discovered. I didn't want to risk my life and get sent back to my own country for the sake of this so I put the phone down and he knew that I would do this. I leaped out of my seat in rage my height towering over him but his weight over shadowing me. His eyes met mine and he raised one eyebrow as though he was slightly amused by my actions. I was in a rampage and chucked is prized mangers desk with his tacky photo frame and souvenirs to the other end of the room, I soon got his full attention. I felt his clammy hands around my neck, stubby, fingers stabbing into my cheek and the words how dare you ringing in my ear. I tired to shove him off me but his over sized gut was restraining me. I felt his harsh breath on ma face as he spoke. He knew full well of my situation in this country and could think of nothing better to say than â€Å"I could have you deported for this!† His sweaty double chinned face was all I could see as I didn't want to make eye contact with his beady eyes. I straighten my suit out as did he when he backed away. He picked the bag up with the heart visible through it and chucked it down bin shoot like it was an ordinary piece of rubbish . My heart sank and I felt like I had failed the non existent person and that I had done wrong in the eyes of the law. If I was to stay in this country I would have to keep the guilt of a death on my shoulders and live a silenced life, but that's the price I will have to pay. I came to England thinking I was going to be starting a better life, but its not going as well as I'd anticipated. His smoke stained teeth grinned as I was inhaling second hand smoke from the fumes of his cheap cigar. â€Å"You no where there door his†, his face so close to mine I could see the trickles of sweat on fore head. He had shoved me out of his office like he shoved the heart down that shoot, relentlessly. He obviously didn't care as long as his greed for power and money was being met and nothing bad was bothering him. I pondered for a moment thinking what I should do next, but what could I do? My voice is not meant to be heard.

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Managing and Developing the Human Resources Research Paper

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The discovery of DNA - Essay Example The two strands of the helix run in opposite directions (1 â€Å"up† and 1 â€Å"down†). The inner edges of the helices are formed by the nitrogenous bases and they run in pairs. Adenine pairs with thymine with 2 hydrogen bonds and cytosine pairs with guanine with 3 hydrogen bonds (Murray et al, 2007). Though this can dictate side-to-side pairing, there is no clue about the order along the molecule. According to Watson and Crick, the variety in genetic code can be due to the variability along the molecule. DNA replicates itself through ‘semi-conservative’ replication. The DNA molecule first unzips and new matching bases are added to create new molecules of DNA. Thus each new molecule of DNA has one ‘old’ strand and one ‘new’ strand (Murray et al, 2007). The discovery history of DNA can be dated back to 1870s and 1890s when mitosis and meiosis were discovered. In 1928, Frederick Griffiths experiment on pneumonia bacteria and mice hinted that DNA was the genetic code material. In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase performed an experiment on viruses and hinted that viral genetic code material was DNA and not protein capsid. In the early 1950s, Rosalind Franklin attempted to figure out the structure of DNA using bouncing back of X-rays but failed. However, she had some photographs of DNA crystallography and from these photographs, James Watson and Francis Crick determined that the structure of DNA was double helix. The duo received Nobel prize for this in 1962 (Biology education, 1996). DNA is present in the chromosomes of most of the living beings. The human genome approximately has 3 billion base pairs of DNA which are arranged in the 23 pairs of chromosomes. Sequence pieces of DNA form genes which carry vital information. The genetic information is achieved by complementary base pairing. Transmission, transcription and translation are the steps involved in transmission of

5 questions about China law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

5 questions about China law - Essay Example In relation to a work of a Chinese citizen, term of protection for the right to lease his publication shall be the life of the author and 50 years after his death, and it expires on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the death of the author. In case of a collective work, term of protection expires on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the death of the last of the authors (Article 21 of Copyright Law of PRC, 2001). No. The genral name / generic name or model of a product or good in respect of which trade mark is used cannot be regisered as trade mark under the Trademark Law of PRC 2001 (FN 2). Similarly, the trade marks which consist exclusively of signs or indications which have direct reference to the quality, main raw material, function, intended purpose, weight, quantity or other characteristics of goods or services and the trade marks which are devoid of any distinctive character cannot be registered.

Separating 3 solids Essay Example for Free

Separating 3 solids Essay Procedure: * 5.4g. of Sand, 7.4g. of Copper Sulfate and 8.3g. of Iron Filings are mixed together with a spatula in a beaker. * A magnet is then produced and the small-grey Iron is extracted. * Filter Paper is used to filter out the damp Sand. * A clear-blue Copper Sulfate solution is obtained. * Copper Sulfate solution is poured into an crystallising basin. * Basin is left for a full week along with the damp Sand. * Copper Sulfate crystals are produced. D.C.P.: Weight Before (g) After Iron Filings 8.3 8.3 Sand 5.4 5.5 Copper Sulfate 7.4 7.3 Conclusion/Evaluation: Only slightly less of each material was obtained after the separation, leading to a relatively low level of loss and error. In order to simplify the separation of the Iron Filings, and solve the problem of small pieces of Iron staying attached to the Magnet, I decided to wrap the magnet with a thin layer of paper towel that could then slide off the magnet to release the Iron Filings and drastically decrease the chances of losing pieces of Iron. The Sand weighed more after rather than before because it still had some water in it, whilst the Copper Sulfate weighed slightly less because of loss in small fragments of Copper Sulfate crystals left in the crystallising basin both Copper Sulfate before and after were in the form of crystals and therefore contained water. One apparent problem is that we were unable to weigh the Copper Sulfate in the crystallising basin and therefore had to risk losing some Copper Sulfate because we wouldnt be able to scratch all of it off the basin, or we had to resort to losing a significant figure. A Weighing machine that could handle up to 2kg whilst at the same time not sacrificing accuracy could have easily solved this. Another slight problem would be that of our assumption on the amount of water present in the crystals of Copper Sulfate in regards to before and after the experiment, although there is very little that we could have done about it.

Visual Pleasure And Narrative Cinema Analysis Film Studies Essay

Visual Pleasure And Narrative Cinema Analysis Film Studies Essay In this paper we are going to discuss the position of Laura Malvey in her work Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. We will also discuss how Mulveys thesis may be convincing in one instance but tested to its limitations in another using two examples. The psychoanalytic interpretation of the position of women viewers gets back to the famous essay by Laura Mulvey Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema, the original thesis of which was that the film form is structured by the unconscious of the patriarchal society and that woman as a spectator is always imposed the rules of a foreign game getting of the male type of pleasure for example, inherently scopophilic pleasure from the examination of the female body. But the issue in this work is not only and not so much about the pleasure itself, but about more serious things how the vision is the instance of identification formation of the subject through the visual practices and how the power is incorporated into the play that is, the question is raised in the work about the ideological effects of the basic cinematic apparatus. Mulvey argued that ideology is involved in forming the subjectivity of the individual at the level of the unconscious and that is how a female spectator, through borrowing the male gaze, takes the ideology of a patriarchal society, which is imposed. Laura Mulvey in Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema explains how the traditional Hollywood film claims the scopophilic view: In a world ordered by sexual imbalance, pleasure in looking has been split between active/male and passive/female. The determining male gaze projects its phantasy on to the female form which is styled accordingly. In their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote to-be-looked-at-ness. (Malvey, 1975). The woman, demonstrated as a sexual object, acts as a leitmotif of erotic spectacle. The formulated problem in this context may be solved through a strong deconstruction of the vision machine, which constitutes a woman as an image, and a man as an owner of the sight. Mulvey proposes to destroy the voayeristic-scopophilic opinion, consistently destroying cinematic codes that postulate such view. Will this be the solution of the problem? Mulveys emphasis on the analysis of the specific of the cinematographic system, with all its radical and provocative judgements, seems to be legitimate. The real is the question of the discursive mediation properties. However, in general, the psychoanalytic criticism of visual representations may also have a profound methodologic effect. In our work we have to give two examples from visual culture and discuss how Mulveys thesis may be convincing in one instance but tested to its limitations in another. For this discussion I propose to take two films: Rare Window by Alfred Hitchcock and Kill Bill by Quentin Jerome Tarantino. The film Rare Window by Alfred Hitchcock is convicing the thesis of Laura Malvey that Man is the bearer of the look while Woman connotes to-be-looked-at-ness. The main character of this film is put in such conditions that he has to be scopophilic. A photographer Jeffries has broken his leg and now he has to watch everything going on outside through the window. The film reveals to us one of the main needs of men peep through the keyhole, figuratively speaking. It is really impossible to keep away from such a forbidden fruit. And the blame of everything is curiosity, namely it moves the main mechanisms in a man, allowing to forget about other equally important needs (food, rest, sex) and exciting the imagination at a time. In this film everything is concentrated around the man, Jeffries, women are just a background here. In this film we can see many scenes convincing Malveys thesis. Jeff Jeffries (Stewart), a photographer who works in magazine and has broken his leg, is forced to miss in the four walls and have fun just because of peeping into the daily life of the yard, and neighbors with binoculars. Having noticed the suspicious behavior of one of them, he comes to the firm belief that the latter has murdered his wife. Being motionless himself, Jeff enlists the aid of Lisa (Kelly), a quiet blonde working model in the fashion house here she is particularly beautiful. The girl is desperately in love with him and therefore agrees to perform for him a dangerous work down. Of all the works by Hitchcock this is an exercise in scopophilia in which the viewer is nothing left to do but to take part in the process. Its like to stay Hitchcock himself within 112 minutes. Look out the window and see what you should not see says Jeff to the nurse (Ritter), and the viewer looks through the window and sees what the main character sees. A men chained to the chair, staring out the window is one part of the film. The second part shows what he sees, and the third one how he reacts to what he sees. This is the purest expression of the idea of narrative cinema. Another confirmation of Malveys thesis is how Jeffries renews his erotic interest for girlfriend when she enters the other apartment and Jeffries sees her at distance. This is the power from a voyeurism point of view because Jeffries is controlling the visual the spatial and the temporal. In addition the camera movements are dictated by the male hero, Jeffries. Now let us discuss another film, in which Malveys thesis that Man is the bearer of the look while Woman connotes to-be-looked-at-ness in classical Hollywood cinema is tested to its limitations. As an example I would like to take the film Kill Bill by Quentin Tarantino. In this film we see a strong girl who denies Malveys view of women in the Holywood cinema. Having been four years in coma the girl-victim wakes up in the hospital in shock and with the atrophy of muscles, but in a few minutes after waking up she commits a double murder and steals the car of one of her victims. Further, in the course of the movie she can not stop, especially since the recalls, who is responsible for the fact that she has lost her baby, her husband and all the guests at the wedding, where her beating took place. The female character Uma Thurman (the bride) wears little makeup or did her hair in a manner to arouse the male audience through her physical looks. Additonally she hardly smiles on the camera drawing a distinction to the female characters in classical Hollywood cinema. The episode when the bride in cold blood composes a list of five names of her future victims, the main and the latest of which is Bill also deserves a special attantion. Here we see not a classical woman who appears as an erotic object, but a strong, manlike heroine. Further, in the course of the first part the violence over the first two names in the list of death follows. Even in the eyes of the main heroine, the bride, we see a burning, glowing white-hatred and this is the limitation of Malveys thesis that that Man is the bearer of the look while Woman connotes to-be-looked-at-ness in classical Hollywood cinema. The monologues of the character are also uncommon for a classical woman: Look lifeless, right? Well, I am not dead, the fortune smiled at me, thats what I can tell you. It so happened that the last Bills bullet drove me into a coma. In coma I was destined to lie for five years. Then I woke up And immediately I ran, as it is taught by one advertisement, fret and fume. I fumed and raged, and craved, and found blood. In total, until today, I killed 33 people. Only one remained. So, as we can see, the bride is a strong, manlike female character, unusual for the Hollywood cinema. To make a conclusion it should be said that in our work we have discussed the position of Laura Malvey in her work Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. We have also discussed how Mulveys thesis may be convincing in one instance but tested to its limitations in another using two examples. For discussion we took two films: Rare Window by Alfred Hitchcock and Kill Bill by Quentin Jerome Tarantino.

Ruamahanga River Analysis: Abiotic and Biotic Factors

Ruamahanga River Analysis: Abiotic and Biotic Factors 1. Introduction A brief description, including an aim of your investigation, details of your chosen area(s), sampling technique and the scientific names of the organisms investigated. Our investigation took place in the Ruamahanga river our aim was to find what abiotic factors and biotic factors were at the Ruamahanga river. We discovered a high number of organisms such as Ephemeroptera (Mayfly) and Trichoptera (caddisfly) and also a very small number of Plecoptera (stoneflies) from the Trinotoperla species 2. Biology of the Ecological Community Information about the organisms in the community you investigated. Describe the ecological niche and adaptations of at least two species, and relevant interrelationships between these organisms. Mayfly: Soft, elongate bodies, The aquatic mayfly nymphs have distinctive, leaf-shaped appendages on the sides of their abdomen that serve as gills for the exchange of respiratory gases.Three Life Stages: egg-aquatic nymph, and adult cycle which includes two phases: (subimago) dun and (imago stage) spinner Caddisflies: Caddisflies are related to Lepidoptera and resemble small hairy moths, but their wings are covered in dense hairs rather than scales and they lack the typical curled proboscis of most moths and butterflies. They are mostly dull-coloured and range in size from 2-40 millimetres in body length. Caddisflies are recognisable by the following features: Elongate body 2 pairs of membranous wings that are of differing size Wings covered in fine hairs. Wings form a roof over the abdomen when at rest Reduced mouthparts Larvae are all born and found in the water since their aquatic and the adults are predominantly found on land. Adults are nocturnal and found on tree trunks resting 3. Abiotic Environment Description of the abiotic factors found in the area you investigated. At the place of our investigation we had a look at the abiotic factors in the area there were tall trees blocking sunlight from hitting all of the river which creates an increase in oxygen because its colder but in the sunny spots the water temperature increases which causes the solubility of oxygen to decrease. We tested The speed of flow with a tape measurer, a stopwatch, and a ball and timed how long it took to travel 10m from point A to B.       Slow flow: Fast flow: Test 1: 34 m/s Test 2: 42 m/s Test 3: 29 m/s Average: 35 m/s Test 1: 13 m/s Test 2: 13 m/s Test 3: 13 m/s Average: 13 m/s The PH using a ph measurer. PH in slow flow was 7.61 PH in fast flow was 7.51 Temperature using a thermometer. In the sunlight the temperature was 17.8 and 19.8   in the slow flow area In the sunlight the temperature was 17.6 and 18.1 in the fast flow area Water clarity using a transparency tube. Slow flow Fast flow Test 1: 82 cm Test 2: 88 cm Test 3: 85 cm Average: 85 cm Test 1: 81 cm Test 2: 85 cm Test 3: 85 cm Average: 83.66 cm Conductivity reading: Slow flow read at: 140   ÃŽ ¼s/cm Fast flow read at: 140   ÃŽ ¼s/cm 4. Biotic Environment Note any interrelationships you may consider of the organisms to be studied. Consider predators, herbivores, competition and mutualism. During our investigation on biotic factors we noticed that we were catching a high number of Caddisflies and mayflies in both slow and fast flow, which showed us Slow flowing river point: Name of organism found: Number found: Pollution score of organism Flat Mayfly 6 8 Free-living caddisfly 2 6 Name of organism found: Number found: Pollution score of organism Flat Mayfly 4 8 Free-living caddisfly 3 6 Name of organism found: Number found: Pollution score of organism Flat Mayfly 8 8 Free-living caddisfly 1 6 Name of organism found: Number found: Pollution score of organism Flat Mayfly 7 8 Free-living caddisfly 1 3 worm 1 6 Name of organism found: Number found: Pollution score of organism Flat Mayfly 5 8 Free-living caddisfly 0 6 Name of organism found: Number found: Pollution score of organism Flat Mayfly 4 8 Free-living caddisfly 1 6 Fast Flowing point: Name of organism Number found Pollution score Flat Mayfly 7 8 Woody case caddisfly 0 5 Free-living caddisfly 2 6 Spotty Stonefly 1 5 Name of organism Number found Pollution score Flat Mayfly 9 8 Woody case caddisfly 2 5 Free-living caddisfly 4 6 Name of organism Number found Pollution score Flat Mayfly 11 8 Woody case caddisfly 1 5 Free-living caddisfly 3 6 worm 1 6 Name of organism Number found Pollution score Flat Mayfly 8 8 Woody case caddisfly 2 5 Free-living caddisfly 2 6 Name of organism Number found Pollution score Flat Mayfly 10 8 Free-living caddisfly 2 6 Spotty Stonefly 2 5 Name of organism Number found Pollution score Flat Mayfly 12 8 Woody case caddisfly 1 5 Free-living caddisfly 1 6 Beetle 1 6 5. Diagrams/pictures of your sampling site. Photo of the fast flow part of the river where we took our fast flow samples A picture of our fast flow area where we did all of our test for fast flow. A picture of how slow flow area where we did all of our test for slow flow.   6. Processed field data Presented in a table and graph which is appropriate and enables you to clearly show and the distribution pattern of your chosen organisms in the ecological community. 7. Discussion Explain why the population distribution pattern you have observed and described occurs.   Relate the pattern in the community to the biology and adaptations (structural, behavioural or physiological) of the two organisms studied.   Discuss how environmental factors (abiotic and biotic) might affect the organisms in the community, and how this relates to the observed distribution pattern, or absence of a pattern. This could involve elaborating, applying, justifying, relating, evaluating, comparing and contrasting, and/or analysing.   In your discussion, include interrelationships between organisms in your ecological community. With Caddisflies and Mayflies we saw that they didnt bother each other when we had them in the sampling container but they do compete for the same food because the both species eat algae and there would be a competition for the food. One thing we did notice was a larger population of Mayflies compared to what we caught in the way of Caddisflies. Due to the significant amount of Mayflies we suspect that because of the pollution score being up at 8 that its a bit too much for the Caddisflies to be able to live in with a higher population number. Another thing is a big predator to a Mayfly is a stonefly and we didnt see a lot of Stoneflies in the stream so the Mayflies are either dominant or the stoneflies just cant survive in that particular area because of their pollution level being down at 5. In conclusion I have realised that the higher the pollution number in an area i.e Mayflies being up at 8, they would then have a higher population were as if its a low pollution score i.e stone fly being down at 5 then there isnt such a big population. A small sample of a food chain in a stream: Algae→Mayflies→Stoneflies. A couple of biotic factors are: other organisms, competitors, predators herbivores and prey. 8. Bibliography A list of the information sources you used to help you write your report, written in a format that allows other people to find the information sources. These are the sources used to find most of my research. http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/trichoptera.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddisfly#Ecology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfly http://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/animals/zoology-invertebrates/mayflies Biology level 2 book Biology scipad level 2 Wat is feit en fictie? Wat is feit en fictie? Inleiding Wij kregen een voorlichting van ons profielwerkstuk, tijdens die voorlichting kwamen wij eigenlijk gelijk op het idee om ons werkstuk over de Zeven Wereldwonderen te gaan doen. Helaas kwamen wij er later achter dat dit onderwerp al was gekozen. We moesten dus een nieuw onderwerp gaan zoeken. Wij vonden het lastig om dit nieuwe onderwerp te verzinnen. We hebben veel op internet gezocht en aan andere oud leerlingen gevraagd wat hun onderwerpen waren, maar we kwamen er niet uit. Uiteindelijk besloten we om de hulp te vragen aan onze begeleider, mevrouw van Bronswijk. Vorig jaar hebben wij tijdens maatschappijleer met een klein gedeelte van de klas The da Vinci Code gekeken bij mevrouw van Bronswijk. Zo kwam mevrouw van Bronswijk met het idee om daar ons profielwerkstuk over te gaan doen. Dit leek ons ook een leuk idee, want we vonden het een leuke film en het interesseerde ons ook. Er zijn veel verschillende theorieà «n over de Da Vinci Code en met dit profielwerkstuk kunnen wij onze eigen visie geven. Eerst hebben wij de hoofdvraag samen met mevrouw van Bronswijk geformuleerd. Samen met haar hebben wij besloten om eerst de film te gaan kijken en daarna de deelvragen te formuleren. Uit de film en het boek kunnen wij ideeà «n opdoen, om te onderzoeken of het vooral uit fictie of uit feiten bestaat. Ook kunnen wij op internet zoeken naar verdere informatie. Wij hebben ongeveer vijf maanden om ons profielwerkstuk af te maken. We hopen dat we ruim op tijd zijn, zodat we ons goed kunnen voorbereiden op onze eindpresentatie. Als we geen PTA-weken hebben willen we goed werken aan het profielwerkstuk, zodat we al onze aandacht erop kunnen richten. We willen de eindpresentie laten zien met behulp van een powerpoint. Het verhaal De aan Harvard afgestudeerde symbologist Robert Langdon is in Parijs voor zaken. Op een avond krijgt hij een laat telefoontje. De oude conservator van het Louvre is vermoord in het museum. Dichtbij het lichaam, heeft de politie raadselachtige cijfers gevonden. Langdon wordt gevraagd om het raadsel op te lossen. Langdon ontdekt stomverbaasd dat de cijfers leiden tot een spoor van aanwijzingen verborgen in de werken van Da Vinci. De aanknopingspunten zijn zichtbaar voor iedereen te zien en toch ingenieus verborgen door de schilder. De cijfers leiden naar Het Laatste Avondmaal. Het blijkt codes te bevatten rondom het mysterie tussen Maria Magdalena en Jezus. Langdon bundelt zijn krachten met een begaafde Franse cryptologe, Sophie Neveu. Hij komt te weten dat Saunià ¨re betrokken was bij de Priorij van Sion, een geheim genootschap, met onder andere leden als Isaac Newton, Botticelli, Victor Hugo en da Vinci. Saunià ¨re heeft zijn leven opgeofferd voor de bescherming van een groot geheim van de Priorij: de locatie van een enorm belangrijke religieus overblijfsel, dat al eeuwen verborgen ligt. In een reis door Parijs en Londen vinden Langdon en Neveu een albino monnik die lijkt te werken voor het Opus Dei. De albino monnik krijgt een opdracht van de kerkleiding om moorden te plegen. Langdon en Neveu komen erachter dat ze op zoek moeten gaan naar de Heilige graal. Ze komen erachter dat de Heilige Graal niet de kelk is waarin het bloed van Jezus Christus is opgevangen tijdens de kruisiging, maar wat het wel moet zijn weten zij nog niet. Langdon wordt door het hele verhaal heen achtervolgd door de politie omdat ze hem verdenken van de moord op Saunià ¨re, de conservator van het Louvre en tevens de opa van Sophie Neveu. Er wordt gestreden tussen het geheime genootschap Priorij van Sion, die de heilige graal beschermen, en de kerkelijke organisatie Opus Dei. Verschillende theorieà «n Dan Brown vertelt in het begin van zijn boek een aantal feiten. Hij vertelt dat de Priorij van Sion, een geheim genootschap dat in 1099 is opgericht, een werkelijk bestaande organisatie is. In 1975 ontdekte de Nationale Bibliotheek van Parijs een aantal perkamenten, Les dossiers secrets, waarin talrijke leden van de Priorij worden benoemd. Onder wie sir Isaac Newton, Botticelli, Victor Hugo en Leonardo da Vinci. Over de Opus Dei vertelt Dan Brown dat het een katholieke sekte is. Hij heeft geprobeerd een evenwichtige beschrijving van de Opus weer te geven. Het is voor veel mensen een positieve kracht in hun leven, maar er zijn ook mensen die negatieve ervaringen hebben. Het portret van de Opus Dei in de Da Vinci Code is gebaseerd op verschillende boeken en zijn eigen interviews met huidige en voormalige leden ervan. De feitenpagina beweert niets over de klassieke theorieà «n die de fictieve personen in het boek bespreken. Hij verteld in een interview dat de Da Vinci Code een roman is en dus fictie. De karakters en handelingen zijn verzonnen, maar volgens Dan Brown alle beschrijvingen van kunstwerken, architectuur, documenten en geheime rituelen in dit boek waarheidsgetrouw. Deze echte elementen worden door de karakters verklaard en besproken. Hij gelooft zelf dat sommige theorieà «n die door de karakters worden besproken veel waarde hebben, maar dat elke lezer voor zichzelf deze waarde moet beoordelen en er zijn eigen interpretatie aan moet geven. Hij openbaart dus het feit dat de Priorij van Sion en de Opus Dei echt hebben bestaan. Hij beweert dat de heilige graal geen voorwerp is, maar dat het Maria Magdalena is. Is deze theorie nieuw of al veel eerder bedacht? De ideologieà «n in het boek zijn al eeuwen oud en het zijn niet Dan Browns eigen geloofsovertuigingen. Het is de eerste keer dat deze ideologieà «n in een populaire thriller zijn verschenen, maar de informatie is alles behalve nieuw. Dan Brown hoopte dat de lezers hun eigen zoektocht begonnen naar de Da Vinci Code en hun interesse in het geloof aanwakkerden. Sommige mensen beweren dat de Priorij van Sion een verzonnen geheim genootschap is. Volgens de Fransman Pierre Plantard bestond de priorij al sinds de Middeleeuwen. Baigent, Leigh en Lincoln beweren dat Godfried van Bouillon in 1099 de opdracht gaf om in Jeruzalem op de berg Sion een abdij te bouwen. Hier ontstond de Priorij van Sion. De theorie van Dan Brown is dus niet vernieuwend, andere mensen hebben er al over gespeculeerd en Dan Brown heeft een theorie overgenomen. Tempeliers Wie waren de tempeliers en wat waren hun taken? De tempeliers waren een orde die het Heilige land ten tijden van de Heilige oorlog tegen de moslims wilden beschermen. Zij kwamen in actie in de periode van de kruistochten. De orde van tempeliers is omstreeks 1129/1130 opgericht. De tempeliers waren erg rijk, de mensen zeggen dat de tempeliers zo rijk zijn geworden doordat zij een schat hebben gevonden met belangrijke documenten, de heilige graal en gigantische geldschatten. Dit is volgens de geleerden niet waar want zij zeggen dat de tempeliers aan hun geld kwamen doordat zij de grootste bankier waren geworden. Zij hebben het internationale banksysteem uitgevonden. Ridders en landheren vertrouwden het grootste deel van hun vermogen aan de veilige handen van de tempeliers toe. Die vroegen daar uiteraard een vergoeding voor. Na verloop van tijd bezaten de tempeliers grote stukken land in Europa en het Midden-Oosten. De orde van de tempeliers begon officieel met 9 ridders; Hugo de Payens, Godfried van St. Omaars, Andrà © de Montbard, Fulk Comte dAnjou, Archaumbaud de Saint Amand, Rosal, Godfried Bisol, Gondemar en Godefroi. Na 9 jaar later stelden zij zich open voor anderen waardoor zij een grote macht werden in de wereld niet alleen in het Midden-Oosten maar ook in Europa. De eerste 9 jaar van de orde van de tempeliers hebben zij vooral op zichzelf geleefd. Het is altijd onduidelijk geweest van de 9 ridders de eerste negen jaren hebben gedaan. Er wordt gezegd dat zij zich hebben bezig gehouden met opgravingen in en onder de tempel van Salomon in Jeruzalem. Er zijn veel verschillende theorieà «n over geweest. Zij zouden daar hebben gezocht naar een materià «le en spirituele schat. De tempeliers hadden als plan om de pelgrims te beschermen naar het heilige land omdat zij onderweg vaak het slachtoffer waren van georganiseerde bendes. De tempeliers waren militair ingesteld. De tempeliers zorgden voor de bescherming van de pelgrims, de beveiliging van de pelgrimsroutes, de heilige plaatsen en de bevrijding van het heilige land. Ze zagen zichzelf als de militie van Christus. Het was toegestaan om moslims te doden maar wie een christen doodde, werd de orde uitgezet. De tempeliers waren berucht voor hun religieus fanatisme en militair karakter. De tempeliers gebruikten veel geweld tegen de vijanden van hun geloof en de vijanden werden gelijk gestraft. Maar steeds meer mensen geloven dat de tempeliers hier helemaal niet mee bezig waren. Zij geloven dat de tempeliers bezig waren om de SANGREAL te beschermen. San Greal = De heilige graal Sang Real = Koninklijk bloed Door het verschuiven van 1 letter veranderd de betekenis van het woord. Bij de uitvoering van hun taken waren zij bezig om dit geheim te beschermen. Zij zijn er wellicht achter gekomen dat de heilige graal iets volkomen anders is dan zij hadden verwacht. Men denkt dat de heilige graal de beker is waaruit Jezus tijdens zijn laatste avondmaal heeft gedronken maar er bestaat helemaal geen heilige graal op het laatste avondmaal ( hier komen wij later op terug ). Dit was het waar de katholieke kerk zo bang voor was en kan de katholieke kerk ten onder laten gaan. De tempeliers en de priorij van Sion deelde hetzelfde doel; het beschermen en laten voortbestaan van het geslacht der Merovingers en het waken over het geheim van de Heilige graal. In 1307 zijn de tempeliers massaal vervolgd en vermoord, dit had te maken met het rijkdom wat de tempeliers hadden. Geld betekent macht en de tempeliers kregen steeds meer macht. De franse koning Filips en paus Clemens V beraamde samen een plan om de tempeliers uit te schakelen. Zij gaven alle soldaten in heel Europa orders op om op 13 oktober 1307 de tempeliers op te pakken. Deze 13 oktober viel op een vrijdag, zo is de uitdrukking vrijdag de 13e ontstaan. De geruchten die overal rond gaan over de tempeliers en de heilige graal doen ook denken dat de kerk de tempeliers niet alleen heeft uitgeroeid om het geld maar misschien ook wel om het grote geheim. Wat is de Opus Dei en bestaan ze nog? Het Opus Dei is een organisatie van de Rooms-katholieke kerk. Ze willen dat mensen zich ervan bewust zijn dat ze met het geloof moeten leven en dat ze dat aan de ongelovigen van de maatschappij moeten overbrengen. Op 2 oktober 1928 is het Opus Dei opgericht door de Spaanse geestelijke Mgr. Josefmarà ­a Escrivà ¡ de Balaguer. Opus Dei betekent letterlijk ‘Werk van God. Als je over het Opus Dei leest, lees je altijd wel dat het een geheimzinnig genootschap is. Maar de Opus Dei leden zelf ontkennen dat. Volgens hen is het geen geheim, maar het is besloten en dat is een groot verschil. Ze omschrijven het als een privà © kwestie, een persoonlijke relatie met God. De oprichter van het Opus Dei, vatte de doelstelling van het Opus Dei zo samen: Het enige doel van het Opus Dei is eraan bij te dragen dat er mannen en vrouwen van alle rassen en sociale klassen zijn die, te midden van de aardse gebeurtenissen en bezigheden, God en hun medemensen in en door hun dagelijkse arbeid willen beminnen en dienen. Door De Da Vinci Code is er de laatste jaren meer belangstelling voor het Opus Dei. Het Opus Dei heeft in een interview gereageerd op De Da Vinci Code. Zij vinden dat de Da Vinci Code het Opus Dei ten onrechte beschrijft als een katholieke sekte. Een sekte is een godsdienstige beweging die zich heeft afgesplitst van de organisatie, er ontstaan dan dus twee verschillende kampen. Het Opus Dei heeft altijd volledig deel uitgemaakt van de katholieke kerk. Alle overtuigingen, praktijken en gewoonten van het Opus Dei stemmen overeen met die van de kerk. Het Opus Dei een sekte noemen is dus onjuist. De leden van het Opus Dei worden in De Da Vinci Code afgebeeld als monniken. Monniken leven voornamelijk in kloosters en trekken zich terug uit de wereld. Leden van het Opus Dei leven juist in de maatschappij en beleven daar het christelijk geloof, het zijn dus geen monniken. Zelfkastijding komt vaak voor uit religieuze overtuiging. De Cilice is een band van metalen ringen met haakjes aan de binnen kant. In The Da Vinci Code wordt de band door een volger van het Opus Dei om het bovenbeen gedaan als boetedoening voor de kruisiging van Jezus. De vormen van zelfkastijding die bij het Opus Dei aan de orde komen ligt de nadruk meet op de in het dagelijks leven gebrachte offers dan op grotere offers. Ze zeggen ook dat de verwrongen en overdreven schilderingen die in De Da Vinci Code voorkomen niets te maken hebben met het Opus Dei. Het Opus Dei bestaat nog steeds. Ze hebben ook een officià «le website: www.opusdei.org. Het hoofdkantoor van het Opus Dei staat in Rome. Het kent ongeveer 85.000 leden over de hele wereld. In 1959 is het Opus Dei in Nederland gekomen door Hermann Steinkamp. Hij vestigde zich in Amsterdam. In de jaren die volgden werden ook in Utrecht en Maastricht Opus Dei verenigingen opgericht. Opus Dei leden wonen op verschillende plaatsen in Nederland. Het hoofdkantoor van Nederland staat in Amsterdam. Dr. C.G.E. van der Ploeg is sinds 2008 het hoofd van het Opus Dei in Nederland. Nederland kent ongeveer 150 leden en 300 medewerkers. Priorij van Sion Wat is de priorij van Sion en hebben zij echt bestaan? De priorij van Sion is een geheim genootschap, zij hadden als belangrijkste opdracht om de bloedlijn van Jezus te beschermen. Er word beweerd dat de Priorij van Sion machtige geheimen bewaakt over de oorsprong van het Christendom. De priorij van Sion zou in 1090 zijn opgericht door een kruisridder genaamd; Godfried van Bouillon. In deze tijd waren de tempeliers verbonden met de Priorij van Sion maar door het incident in Gisor gingen beide organisaties een eigen kant op. De priorij van Sion zou vanaf toen meer in anonimiteit leven en de tempeliers speelden zich juist steeds meer in de kijker. De priorij zou onder leiding staan van een aantal grootmeesters; Sir Isaac Newton, Sandro Filipepi (botticelli) en Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo zou de laatste negen jaar van zijn leven de leiding hebben gehad over de Priorij. Echt bestaan of niet? De ideeà «n over de Priorij van Sion in de Da Vinci Code zijn gebaseerd op de verhalen van het boek; Het heilige bloed en de Heilige graal uit 1982. De onderzoekers; Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh en Henry Lincoln die dit verhaal hebben geschreven zijn aan de informatie gekomen van Pierre Plantard. Deze man beweerde dat hij ‘Dossier secrets bezat en dat hij de leider was van de Priorij van Sion. De officià «le oprichting van de Priorij van Sion zou zijn geweest door Pierre Plantard op 7 mei 1956. Nadat het boek â€Å"Het heilige bloed en de Heilige graal† uit was gekomen is er onderzoek gedaan naar alle gegevens in het boek. Uit deze onderzoeken is gebleken dat de documenten ‘Dossier secrets vervalsingen zijn en dat Pierre Plantard de Priorij van Sion heeft verzonnen. Plantard bedacht deze geschiedenis dat de Priorij van Sion al in de Middeleeuwen bestond en hij beweerde zelfs dat hij een afstammeling was van de merovingen. Pierre Plantard heeft in 1953 al 6 maan den vastgezeten vanwege het frauderen van documenten, dit helpt niet bepaald het geloven van zijn Priorij verhalen. Veel onderzoekers uit deze periode denken dat de Priorij van Sion helemaal niet bestaan heeft en dat het allemaal onzin is. Als de Priorij van Sion al heeft bestaan, bestond deze uit verschillende lagen. De Priorij van Sion is opgebouwd uit 9 lagen: 6561 Novices 2187 Croices 729 Preux 243 Ecuyers 81 Chevaliers 27 Commandeurs 9 Connetables 3 Senechaux 1 Nautonier ( Roerganger, Grand Master) Heilige graal Wat is de heilige graal nou precies? De heilige graal, wat is het nou precies? Het is altijd onduidelijk geweest wat de heilige graal precies is. Er gaan namelijk vele theorieà «n over de wereld die beweren wat het inhoudt. Elk mens, of het nu een professor, onderzoeker of gewoon een burger is, gelooft weer iets anders. De heilige graal is een beker. Uit deze beker heeft Jezus gedronken tijdens het laatste avondmaal. Deze beker zou ook het bloede hebben opgevangen tijdens de kruisiging van Jezus christus. Volgens de overlevering heeft Jozef van Arimathea de graal in veiligheid gebracht. Alleen niemand weet waar hij de graal heeft opgeborgen. Dit is een van de meest bekende en voorkomende theorie. Het is alleen niet de enige, er zijn er meerdere: De heilige graal zou niet in de tijd van Jezus christus zijn ontstaan. De heilige graal zou pas in de 12e eeuw voor het eerst zijn opgedoken in de tijd van koning Arthur. Koning Arthur en de ridders van de ronde tafel zouden samen op zoek zijn gegaan naar de heilige graal. Dit ging pas rond nadat een franse monnik hier een roman over schreef. Echter lang voor deze tijd ging er al een mondelinge traditie rond waarin over de heilige graal werd verteld. De theorie waar Dan Brown vanuit is gegaan is dat de heilige graal een aantal documenten waren waarin stond dat Jezus christus en Maria Magdalena getrouwd zijn geweest en zelfs voor nakomelingen hebben gezorgd. Deze gedachte heeft hij niet zelf verzonnen. Deze theorie is al eerder bedacht door anderen. Dan Brown heeft zijn theorieà «n gebaseerd op het boek ‘Het Heilige Bloed en de Heilige Graal, de schrijvers van dit boek waren de eerste die met deze theorie kwamen aanzetten. Dit gebeurde in 1982. De heilige graal zou niets anders zijn dan de bloedlijn van Jezus christus en Maria Magdalena. In het oud Frans betekent heilige graal: San Greal. Maar door 1 letterverschuiving krijgt het woord een hele andere betekenis namelijk: Sang real. Dit betekent koninklijk bloed. Maria Magdalena was de heilige graal. De bloedlijn van Maria Magdalena zou hebben gezorgd voor de eerste Koninklijke dynastie van Frankrijk, de meroveringen. Zij, Maria Magdalena, zou de bloedlijn naar Frankrijk hebben gebracht. ‘Het Heilige Bloed en de Heilige Graal is geschreven door de 3 schrijvers. Deze schrijvers kregen hulp van Pierre Plantard. Deze meneer, Pierre Plantard, beweerde dat hij heel veel wist over het verleden van de geschiedenis over de ‘da Vinci code. Later is gebleken dat deze meneer Plantard een oplichter was. Hij had al 6 maanden in de gevangenis gezeten omdat hij documenten had vervalst. Dit werkt natuurlijk niet mee in het verduidelijken van de geschiedenis. Dus wat er bekent is gemaakt in het boek daarvan weten we dus niet of het echt waar is of niet. Maar er is wel een nieuwe theorie bij gebracht. Er is dus nog steeds geen duidelijkheid over wat de heilige graal precies zou moeten zijn. Bloedlijn Is er nog een levende bloedlijn met Jezus of heeft deze nooit echt bestaan? Was Jezus echt getrouwd met Maria? In het boek van Dan Brown wordt er beweerd dat er een bloedlijn is van Jezus christus. Jezus christus zou een kind hebben verwekt bij Maria Magdalena. Maria zou zwanger zijn tijdens de kruisiging van Jezus Christus. Er gaan verschillende verhalen rond over de verhouding tussen Maria en Jezus. Jezus en Maria zouden getrouwd zijn en hebben samen 1 of 2 kinderen. Na de kruisiging ging Maria Magdalena samen met haar dochter Sarah naar Frankrijk. Sarah zou niet het enige kind zijn geweest, er word ook gespeculeerd dat Jezus en Maria een zoon zouden hebben, Jakobus. Het is onduidelijk of dit nu echt waar is of niet. De verhalen die rond gaan zijn dat Maria samen met Jakobus en Sarah naar Frankrijk zijn gegaan. Samen met haar zus Martha en de oom van Jezus hebben zij deze reis gemaakt. Het schijnt dat de oom van Jezus, een rijk man was. Hij zou de reis volledig bekostigt hebben. Nadat zij in Frankrijk waren aangekomen, zijn Maria en Sarah verder doorgereisd Frankrijk in. Jakobus zou naar Sp anje zijn gekeerd en begraven liggen onder Compostella. Het is altijd nog onduidelijk of er echt kinderen zijn voortgekomen uit de relatie van Maria Magdalena en Jezus christus. Als dit wel het geval was, is het heel goed mogelijk dat er een bloedlijn bestaat die nu nog steeds voortduurt. Het nageslacht van Jezus en Maria zouden dus de eerste merovingen zijn geweest, de eerste Koninklijke dynastie van Frankrijk. Jezus en Maria zouden een relatie hebben met elkaar en zelfs getrouwd zijn. Het is nooit echt bevestigd of dit waar is of niet. In het nieuwe testament word niet gesproken over Jezus en Maria die een relatie hebben. Maar Maria was wel bij belangrijke momenten in zijn leven. Uit het testament blijkt dat Maria aanwezig was bij de kruisiging en de graflegging van Jezus. Maria was ook de eerste die hem zag na zijn opstanding. Uit deze belangrijke momenten kan je toch wel zeggen dat Maria Magdalena een belangrijk persoon was in het leven van Jezus christus. Maria word in het Nieuwe Testament vooral als prostituee gezien. In 1969 heeft het Vaticaan toegegeven dat Maria Magdalena ten onrechte is beschuldigd als prostituee en dat voor 1400 jaar lang. Veel bijbel geleerde gaan er vanuit dat Jezus christus met Maria Magdalena was getrouwd. Zo zegt historicus Jacob Slavenburg, medevertaler van de Nag Hammadigeschriften: â€Å"Maria Magdalena was geen hoer die door Jezus in genade was aangenomen. In werkelijkheid was ze Jezus geliefde vrouw. In de eerste eeuwen stond Maria Magdalena bekend als de Apostola apostolorum, de apostel boven de apostelen.† Als Maria en Jezus al getrouwd zouden zijn dan was de kerk hier niet blij mee. Maria zou dan de gene zijn geweest die de lijn van Jezus zou voortzetten. Maria zou heel veel macht hebben, vooral als vrouw zijnde. De kerk vind dat vrouwen niet de macht horen te hebben. Als Maria Magdalena en Jezus Christus dan al samen een dochter, Sarah, zouden hebben dan was het voor de kerk een probleem. De kerk zag niets in een kerkleer waarin vrouwen een belangrijke rol spelen. Maria Magdalena Is Maria Magdalena echt begraven onder het Louvre? Is het Maria Magdalena of Johannes op hat ‘Laatste Avondmaal? Het Laatste Avondmaal is gemaakt door Leonardo Da Vinci. Hij is begonnen met het schilderij in 1495 en voltooide het in 1498. In de Bijbel is beschreven dat Jezus hier aankondigt dat à ©Ãƒ ©n van zijn twaalf volgelingen hem zal verraden. Er wordt beweerd dat van links naar rechts de volgende personen zijn: Bartholomeà ¼s, Jakobus de Mindere, Andreas, Judas Iskariot, Petrus, Johannes, Jezus Christus, Thomas, Jacobus de Meerdere, Filippus, Mattheà ¼s, Judas Taddeà ¼s en Simon. De twaalf apostelen hebben allemaal andere reacties op de aankondiging van Jezus. Bartholomeà ¼s, Jakobus de Mindere en Andreas kijken verrast. Andreas houd zijn handen omhoog, dit is een soort â€Å" dit is het einde gebaar†. Judas Iskariot, Petrus en Johannes vormen ook een groepje. Judas heeft een goudzakje in zijn handen, die hij heeft gekregen voor het verraden van Jezus. Petrus heeft een mes in zijn handen. Hij wenkt Johannes om te vragen wie Jezus bedoelt. Sommige mensen beweren dat dit niet Johannes, maar Maria Magdalena is. Het derde groepje bestaat uit Thomas, Jacobus de Meerdere en Filippus. Zij kijken alle drie vragend en geschokt, Thomas lijkt een verklaring te zoeken. Mattheà ¼s, Judas Taddeà ¼s en Simon praten er met zn drieà «n over. Over de vraag of het Maria Magdalena of Johannes is op het schilderij zijn de meningen flink verdeelt. Vroeger was het gebruikelijk om Johannes zonder baard af te beelden. Sommige mensen beweren dat de persoon vrouwelijke vormen heeft. In de Da Vinci Code hebben ze een gedetailleerde kijk op het schilderij. Hier wordt gezegd dat het Maria Magdalena moet zijn. De gewaden die Jezus en Maria aan hebben zijn bij zowel Maria als Jezus rood en blauw. Als je Maria uit deze afbeelding knipt en aan de linkerkant van Jezus plakt, ligt zij precies op zijn schouder. Het lijkt alsof dit Da Vinci zijn bedoeling was. Dan Brown laat dus zien dat er verschillende aanwijzingen verborgen liggen in dit schilderij. Wat doet het mes op het ‘Laatste Avondmaal? Op het laatste avondmaal is te zien dat Petrus een mes in zijn handen heeft. Deze houdt hij in tegenovergestelde richting van Jezus. In de Da Vinci Code laat Dan Brown zien dat dit niet de hand van Petrus is, maar dit is niet waar. In de gerestaureerde versies van het schilderij is duidelijk te zien dat dit wel de hand van Petrus is. Het is merkwaardig dat Petrus een mes in zijn handen heeft als Jezus net verteld dat à ©Ãƒ ©n van zijn leerlingen hem zal gaan verraden. Waarom het mes naar achter is gedraaid is niet duidelijk. Bronnenlijst http://www.danbrown.nl/Interviews/Interview-De-Da-Vinci-Code.pdf http://www.opusdei.nl/sec.php?s=607 http://www.seti2.nl/index_bestanden/Vinci.htm (het laatste avondmaal) bronnen van de letterlijk overgenomen stukken tekst. HDFC Bank: Securing Online Banking HDFC Bank: Securing Online Banking James Rapp Managing Information Security in Information Systems Summary The importance of banking online has grown enormously in the past decade. Making for more profit and better convenience it is not likely to fade away anytime soon. This also presents some new hurdles for the online banking community. As the number of banking online customers increases the amount of criminal attacker will also increase. The bank recognizes this trend and therefore to maintain and even grow customer confidence and trust they develop ways to keep the customer data and money safe. The bank has to take on an enormous feet which is to protect customers and staff from the attacker and themselves. The banking security is only as strong as the end user of the terminal machine or the end user/customer using a credit/debit card. Throughout this paper I will present key facts and issues of this case then I will go through these issues giving alternative solutions and engaging in the pros and cons of those solutions. Key Facts Operations for HDFC bank had first got up and running during the year 1995 of the month of January HDFC bank was one of the first banks to set up online banking. HDFC is a trusted name in banking, 2,544 branches, 9,333 ATMs, 1,399 towns cities. HDFC Bank is one of the leading private banks in India HDFC identifies public key infrastructure, during PKI’s infancy, as a suitable technology to address security. In the Indian sector of banking there are basically 5 types of banks: private sector banks, regional rural banks, foreign banks, Co-operative banks, and public sector banks. Once RBI had published the guidelines on internet banking HDFC started its online services. For internal risk management HDFC bank used technology-intensive models. The data center and backup systems where held at two different geographical locations in Mumbai. RBI guidelines report banks should utilize the outside experts known as ethical hackers to penetrate systems, inspect infrastructure, and test physical access controls HDFC has made the commitment to bring new products and attract new customers while signing with RSA security, the US based provider of IS solutions. Key Issues 1) Improving banks services to attract and keep new customers. 2) Throughout the banking authority maintain information security. 3) Continuity in business is essential, how to maintain it? 4) What are the security challenges in online banking? 5) What are the challenges faced by Salvi? 6) Compulsions at HDFC Bank. 7) Roadmap the chief information officer (CIO) can implement. Key Issue 1: Improving banks services to attract and keep new customers. Alternative Course Solution: a) Making the banking experience as fast and efficient as possible. Bringing up-to-date technologies to the front doors of the customer. State of the art website, phone applications and ATM’s will bring the banking experience to new levels. Pros: By utilizing these channels of communication between the bank and the customer a very nice freeway of information exchange begins to take shape. This is a very effective way to monitor customer transactions and to weed out the unauthorized user. Cons: At the same time tracking customers can be an issue. Unless an efficient, effective protocol is established to track customers through these various channels it could become a headache and very difficult to manage. To achieve a protocol that makes exchanging data over numerous channels work will endure cost. The adding of such protocol’s and policies will likely put the price tag higher. b) Taking an effective promotional stand will attract new customer and help boost the banks reputation helping to keep those customers. Pros: Setting the stage with an effective promotional scheme will certainly attract and secure new customers When the customer numbers increase so shall the banks revenue stream. Bringing a happy bank and happy employees. Cons: To develop and implement such a promotional scheme the bank will have to put out the money. Cost is always an issue when trying to improve you business. Reaching out to people and trying to attract new customers can back fire. If the promotion offends people, annoys people or if it is just done poorly then it could actually have the opposite effect and could eventually hurt the bank. c) By making use of website, phone app’s, ATM etc. . . . the bank can connect with the customer in a personal, effective way. Pros: Pulling off this venture will build the relationship between bank and customer. The banks rep will grow and that is a very positive thing. Having all of these channels through which the bank customer can use will provide a sense of anytime banking. Online, no problem, on the phone, no problem, on the road, no problem. Cons: If everything is not perfectly setup than the customer satisfaction rate will definitely suffer in which the bank will suffer. Ultimately by receiving a bad banking experience the bank could lose customers. Key Issue 2: Through the banking authority how to maintain information security? Alternative Course Solution: a) Keeping the personal data, confidential data out of the hands of non-authorized personal. Pros: Keeping sensitive information such as home addresses, telephone numbers, social-security numbers out of unauthorized hands will prevent fraud in credit, debit and account information. By maintaining the personal data in-house it will also make for a more informed staff making for a better service and more complete work force. Con: This security measure could hurt relationships. The sharing of information if done correctly could actually build a relationship and by taking this out of the equation it could actually prevent a great binding. The fact that an employee may use the information for a sinister purpose will always be a concern. The bank has to do the best they can with this type of in-house problem. b) Using a strategy that employ’s ethical hackers to attempt penetration on systems and network infrastructure. Pros: Will give the bank an awareness on which system programs are vulnerable to attack. Maintaining all personal info: home addresses, social security numbers and credit card numbers. Cons: By using ethical hackers the bank put its sensitive information out there. It gives up very sensitive information, its secrets so to speak. When bringing in outside help the bank also brings in additional expenses. To hire an ethical hacker the price tag could be very large. A salary for an ethical hacker shows the story. c) Maintaining software by way of updating and personal training. Pros: By testing and keeping watch of your systems the bank will achieve the ultimate efficiency. System programs, web applications, data servers etc. . . . all will be extremely enhanced. Cons: As we found with employing ethical hackers the price tag will no doubt go up. It is also possible that by taking this route the deliberate modification of some admin tools could take place. Key Issue 3: Continuity in business is essential, how to maintain it? Alternative Course Solutions: a) Backing up data, being able to recover if the need should ever arise. Pros: By backing up data the bank ensures itself in times of natural disaster, robbery, and any other type of event that could otherwise cause the bank to lose precious personal data. The fact the banking organizations have such a spread of devices and applications, channels of communication between the public having data backed up can make for a well programmed system in which real time information is received in a more-timely manner. Cons: Having information especially sensitive information always bring the possibility of the misuse of such data. The data will be stored on databases and SQL injections and other database driven attacks will be a real threat. The cost to ensure the correct safety measures and data systems will go up. b) Making use of geographically locations, having more than one location. Pros: Like other pro’s the bank can attract more and a new variety of customers by utilizing numerous bank locations. The range of people the bank will reach will increase thus bringing in new customers. By having more locations than the banking organization can spread. In doing this the bank will bring in better network connections and new and long lasting customers. Cons: If the bank does decide to invest in new locations that is exactly what they will have to do, invest. Putting out more money to open new locations, staff, devices, new protocols all add up. Deciding where to put these new branches could also be time consuming and costly. If a bank location go through and does not work out it would be like a money pit for the bank. Key Issues 4: What are the security challenges in online banking? Alternative Course Solutions: a) Making sure the customers data is stored safe and soundly. Pros: If this is done correctly the bank will gain a respectable reputation and with this will develop more customers. Having this much data and the type of data that it is can make for some pretty exciting and state-of-the-art systems. Cons: This is a task that is a lot easier said than done. If the security systems that are put into place to hold this data is not completely secure data theft could be a real possibility. Holding this much data will bring with it the cost factor. The more data and the more complex the system gets the more money will be needed to develop and implement a secure database system. b) Keeping a close relationship with the customer, not relying too much on automated systems. Pros: Making the effort to still provide a personal experience for the customer brings a sense that the bank cares and that they understand in a personal way. By keeping the personal connection with the banking customer the bank itself can tell what the vibe is on the back, hear what is trending, and basically have a view that is from the other side, the customer side. Cons: It is possible that by building such close bonds between bank staff and open public banking customer the bank opens up the door to insider attack. Employees that might have a negative view on the bank could reveal trade secrets, banking data, or sabotage. Key Issues 5: What are the challenges faced by Salvi? Alternative Solution Course: a) Making HDFC a â€Å"World class Indian bank†. Pros: This is a respectable ambition and it definitely sets the bar. Under the watch of Salvi the customer should know that customer care and satisfaction will be at the highest priority. Cons: Putting this type of standard in the mix could affect decisions, in turn the customer could suffer. To become a World class bank HDFC must transform the offline user to the online user. This is obvious but it is also a costly and very cumbersome project. b) Securing Online Banking. Pros: Without question making the hard transition from offline banking to online banking will create a more efficient better class of bank. If Salvi can make online banking secure than growing into the world class bank should follow. Cons: Online banking brings new security risks: authentication, authorization, privacy, integrity, and non-repudiation. The higher the banks reputation might actually make it a target for criminal trying to make a name for themselves. c) Reducing false positives Pros: This would help to not bother the law abiding, everyday banker. Over time the false positives should work themselves out and the banking system will be greater for it. Key Issues 6: Compulsions at HDFC Bank. Alternative Solution Course: a) Keeping customers in the automated channel. ATMS, online banking, mobile devices etc. . . Pros: This will provide customers with better services. By keeping up-to-date with the state-of-the-art technologies the bank keeps efficiency at an all-time high. This can attract new customers they like the fact that they can do banking business from the safety of their homes. Cons: The one-to-one bank teller to customer relationship gets forgotten about. Most Indian Bankers are familiar with the one-to-one banking, they like the personal service. b) Increasing customers Pros: The more customers the more money/revenue the bank will receive. Growth, gain, and prosperity are some key virtues of a bank and with this in mind HDFC should always be on top of their game. Cons: Always promoting, reaching out to increase the customer rate the bank could lose focus on what their really there for. The more customers the more problems. Key Issues 7: Roadmap the chief information officer (CIO) can implement. Alternative Solution Course: a) Secure the customer transition from offline to online banker. Pros: This will grow the banks revenue, increase customers, making for a very efficient banking system. This has to be accomplish if Salvi will reach the ultimate goal of World Class Bank. Cons: As is apparent phishing scams will come to light. With the online banking operation comes more security issues. Lose the personal relationship between customer and staff. b) Secure online banking. Pros: The online banker will feel more comfortable when doing business online. This is a step in the direction to become a world class bank. Will bring more with it a better reputation and more customers. Cons: The cost will always be a negative aspect of any progress. With the online banking even if it is considered secure the criminal element will be more of an issue. c) Evolve into the world class bank Pros: This is the goal that Salvi wishes to reach and it is a prestige’s accomplishment. With this comes the attention to detail, finer service a World Class elegance. Cons: With this with also bring the increasing of hardware and software maintenance, upkeep of websites, management of data centers. References Bose, Indranil. The University Of Honk Kong. â€Å"HDFC Bank: Securing Online Banking† Retrieved From: https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/access/35744031. April 4, 2015 PayScale, Inc. 2015. â€Å"Average Salary for Certification: Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH)† Retrieved From: http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Certification=Certified_Ethical_Hacker_%28CEH%29/Salary Rajpreet, Jassel. Ravinder, Sehgal. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering. â€Å"Online Banking Security Flaws: A study† Retrieved From: http://www.ijarcsse.com/docs/papers/Volume_3/8_August2013/V3I2-0257.pdf Odyssey Technologies. â€Å"Implementing Transaction Security For HDFC Bank† Retrieved From: http://www.odysseytec.com/Documents/CaseStudies/HDFC_SnorkelTX_CaseStudy.pdf 1

How to Tell a True War Story Essay -- essays research papers

War can be defined as â€Å"an active struggle between competing entities. It’s truly hard to tell who is right or wrong during a war. Both sides are fighting for what they believe in and what is true to their heart. In the end there is always two things promised – destruction and death. These two objects can explain the result in every facet of war from the physical to emotional.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story† O’Brien explores the relationship between the events during a war and the art of telling those events. O’Brien doesn’t come to a conclusion on what is a true war story. He writes that one can’t generalize the story as well. According to O’Brien, war can be anything from love and beauty to the most horrid thing ever experienced. The story doesn’t even have to have a meaning. Evidence of both descriptions of war leading to death and destruction being used is how O’Brien tells of Curt Lemons death. He tells it as a love story with the scenery being described as being beautiful. In addition to O’Brien referencing it to a love story he also includes the gruesome details of how Curt Lemon died. These stories not only shape the listeners perception and attitude of the war, but it also affects the one telling the story. Some stories are true and others are rather embellis hed. The storyteller, speaking from the point of being in the war, has usually been through the most traumatic events ever in their life. Does the storyteller even know the truths ...

The Need for New Management Models in Human Resources Essays -- Human

Thesis Statement: Advances in technology along with shifts in the nations’ social structure heavily impact the workplace environment, creating a need for new management models in Human Resources. I. The Changing Workplace A. An Historical Perspective of Jobs in America B. Jobs in the 21st Century II. Identifying Corporate Needs A. The Emergence of Human Resource Management as a Component of General Management. B. Corporate Expectations III. Developing Human Resource Policy A. What HRM Professionals Have to Say IV. Identifying Worker Needs A. Family VS Work B. The Working Environment C. Benefits and Compensation V. Where to From Here? - HRM Models for Innovation A. Motivation Theory B. Alternate Work Systems - a Comparrison Table This paper is written from the perspective that Human Resource Management (HRM) practices are continually evolving to meet the changes of dynamic work environments. New technologies, increasingly rapid exchanges of information, social paradigm shifts and the restructuring of family systems contribute heavily to the need to find and apply methods of HRM that meet the needs of industry, workers and consumers. To do so effectively, vision and creativity are required in addition to on-going awareness of the bottom line. The Changing Workplace At the opening of the 20th century, the majority of jobs in America were held in two areas, agriculture and industry. Population distribution tables for that time demonstrate that most of the nation inhabited rural areas rather than urban areas. This continued to be the trend up until WWII, when men left the country to fight and women left rural America to fill factory jobs as their contribution to the war effort. This movement was the beginning of nationwide workplace and societal changes that have accelerated during the last half of the 20th century. The move from rural to suburban environments changed the way we did business as a nation. Where extended families resided in and supported each other in culturally defined rural settings, nuclear families found themselves alone in homogenous neighborhoods. (1) This created a demand for goods and services that were formerly provided by extended family and community members, opening up new markets and creating jobs. It ... ...ss, 1997) 299 Biblography Primary Sources Collected Documents Nybor, Jan. Navy Times, 14 Sept. 1994 Pritchard, DeLao, Von Bergen, "A Feild Test of Expectancy - Valence Incentive Motivation Techniques," Organizational Behavior and Human Performance vol.15 Herzberg, Fredrick, "One More Time: How Do You Motivate Your Employees?" Harvard Business Review vol. 47 Electronic References US Bureau of Statistics Data Base Books Glenn, H. Stephen, Developing Capable People, Rockland CA: Prima Press 1989 Isenberg, Martin "A Short History of Human Resource Management," Strategic Human Resource Management Readings, (January 1994) University of Massachusetts Press Drucker, Peter F., Management Challenges for the 21st Century, New York: Harper-Collins, 1999 Dessler, Gary , Personnel Management, 4th Edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988 Kalleberg, R.P. Social Perspectives on Labor Markets, New York: Academic Press, 1991 Vroom, Victor H. Work and Motivation, New York: Wiley, 1964 Tushman & O'Rielly, Winning Through Innovation, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1997